Let’s give a detailed explanation of the technical operating principles of wearables such as smart shirts and smart bras. These smart garments integrate conductive materials, sensors, and small electronic components into fabrics to measure and analyze various biosignals and environmental information.
Here’s a breakdown of their technical workings:

1. Sensors:

Smart clothing incorporates various sensors to collect information about the user’s body and the surrounding environment. Key sensors include:

• Heart Rate Sensors (ECG or PPG): Measure heart rate by detecting the heart’s electrical activity (ECG) or changes in blood flow (PPG). ECG sensors are primarily used in smart bras or shirts that are in close contact with the chest, while PPG sensors can be used in smart clothing worn on the wrist or arms.
• Electromyography (EMG) Sensors: Measure the electrical activity of muscles to analyze muscle movement and activity levels. These can be used for measuring exercise effectiveness, rehabilitation training, and posture correction.
• Accelerometer and Gyroscope: Measure movement, acceleration, and rotation to analyze activity levels, posture, and movement patterns. Used for step counting, exercise type recognition, and fall detection.
• Temperature Sensors: Measure skin temperature or ambient temperature to monitor body temperature changes, body temperature changes during exercise, and ambient temperature.
• Humidity Sensors: Measure sweat levels or ambient humidity to help with exercise intensity control and maintaining comfort.
• Pressure Sensors: Measure pressure exerted on specific areas to analyze posture and correct exercise form.

2. Conductive Fibers and Electrodes:

Conductive fibers or electrodes are used to transmit the signals measured by the sensors to the processing unit.

• Conductive Fibers: These are made by coating fibers with metallic materials such as silver or copper, or by making the fibers themselves from conductive materials such as carbon nanotubes, to transmit electrical signals. These conductive fibers are woven together with regular fibers to maintain the form of the clothing while providing electrical connectivity.
• Electrodes: Connect the sensors to the conductive fibers. Electrodes that come into direct contact with the skin are made of biocompatible materials for biosignal measurement.

3. Microcontroller and Communication Module:

The data collected from the sensors is processed by a microcontroller and transmitted to a smartphone or other device via communication modules such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi.

• Microcontroller: Converts the data collected from the sensors into digital signals and performs necessary calculations.
• Communication Module: Transmits the processed data to smartphones, tablets, or cloud servers. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology is mainly used to minimize battery consumption.

4. Software and Algorithms:

The transmitted data is analyzed on a smartphone app or a cloud server.

• Data Filtering and Preprocessing: Removes noise from the sensor data and converts the data into the necessary format.
• Signal Processing Algorithms: Extract meaningful information such as heart rate, respiration, and movement patterns.
• AI-Based Analysis Algorithms: Use AI technologies such as machine learning and deep learning to analyze individual health status, exercise ability, and stress levels, and provide personalized information.

Advantages of Smart Shirts and Smart Bras:

• Continuous Monitoring During Daily Life: Because they are worn like everyday clothing, continuous biosignal monitoring is possible not only during exercise but also during daily life.
• Comfortable Wearability: Provides similar comfort to regular clothing, allowing users to wear them for long periods without discomfort.
• Various Applications: Can be used in various fields such as exercise, health management, rehabilitation training, and workplace safety management.

Limitations of Smart Shirts and Smart Bras:

• Difficulty in Washing: There may be restrictions on washing due to the durability of electronic components and conductive fibers.
• Battery Life: Battery life is an important factor affecting usage time.
• Data Security and Privacy: Because sensitive biometric information is collected, there may be concerns about data security and privacy.

Through these technologies, smart shirts and smart bras are evolving beyond simple clothing into important tools for managing personal health and activity. With future advancements in material technology, sensor technology, and AI technology, even more diverse and advanced forms of smart clothing are expected to emerge.